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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Pseudoephedrine

Selected References:

  • Aljazaf K, et al. 2003. Pseudoephedrine: effects on milk production in women and estimation of infant exposure via breastmilk. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 56(1):18- 24.  
  • Anastasio GD, et al. 1992. Fetal tachycardia associated with maternal use of pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter oral decongestant. J Am Board Fam Pract; 5(5):527-528.  
  • Dor S, et al. 2025. Exposure to pseudoephedrine during pregnancy and major congenital malformations: Findings from a large population-based cohort of pregnancies. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 91(6):1834-1841. 
  • Eglash A. 2014. Treatment of maternal hypergalactia. Breastfeed Med; 9:423-425. 
  • Findlay JW, et al. 1984. Pseudoephedrine and triprolidine in plasma and breast milk of nursing mothers. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 18(6):901-906.  
  • Głowacka K, et al. 2021. Pseudoephedrine-Benefits and Risks. Int J Mol Sci; 22(10):5146.  
  • Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: John Wright-PSG. pp 345-356.  
  • Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 168(5):1393-1399.  
  • Miller RK. 1992. From the pages of Teratology: vitamin A to pseudoephedrine issues in patient counseling. Teratology; 45(4):341-343.  
  • Pseudoephedrine Drug Label. 2022. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1056d9da-8a3f-4b7a-878e-7f8d45d298cd&audience=consumer. Accessed 24 March 2026. 
  • Rosa F. 1993. Personal communication. Cited in: Briggs GG, et al. 2005. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. Seventh Edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.  
  • Schatz M, et al. 1997. Asthma and allergy in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol; 24(2):407-432.  
  • Smith CV, et al. 1990. Effect of a single dose of oral pseudoephedrine on uterine and fetal Doppler blood flow. Obstet Gynecol; 76(5 Pt 1):803-806.  
  • Smith J, et al. 1994. Drugs of choice for pregnant women. In: Koren G. Maternal-fetal Toxicology. A Clinician’s Guide. 1994. Second Edition. New York NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.  
  • Soussan C, et al. 2014. Drug-induced adverse reactions via breastfeeding: a descriptive study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol; 70:1361-1366. 
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).  2025. “Ask ACOG: What medicine can I take for allergies while I’m pregnant?” Available at: https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/ask-acog/what-medicine-can-i-take-for-allergies-while-im-pregnant. Accessed 24 March 2026.  
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and The American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI). 2000. The use of newer asthma and allergy medications during pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol; 84(5):475-480. 
  • Torfs CP, et al. 1996. Maternal medications and environmental exposures as risk factors for gastroschisis. Teratology 54(2):84-92.  
  • Yau W-P, et al. 2013. Use of decongestants during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. Am J Epidemiol; 178(2):198-208. 
  • Werler MM, et al. 2003. Association of vasoconstrictive exposures with risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Epidemiology; 14(3):349-354.  
  • Werler MM, et al. 1992. First trimester maternal medication use in relation to gastroschisis. Teratology; 45(4):361-367.  
  • Werler MM, et al. 2002. Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Am J Epidemiol; 155(1):26-31.  
  • Werler MM, et al. 2004. Vasoactive exposures, vascular events, and hemifacial microsomia. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol; 70(6):389-395.  

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