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Sulfamethoxazole | Trimethoprim (Bactrim® or Septra®)

Selected References:

  • Andersen JT et al. 2013. Trimethoprim use in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a register-based nationwide cohort study. Epidemiol Infect 141:1749-1755.
  • Crider KS, et al. 2009. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 163:978-985.
  • Czeizel AE, et al. 2001. The teratogenic risk of trimethoprim-sulfonamides: a population-based case-control study. Reprod Toxicol 15:637-646.
  • Czeizel AE, et al. 2004. Possible association between different congenital abnormalities and use of different sulfonamides during pregnancy. Congenital Abnormalities 44:79-86.
  • Folic Acid to Prevent Neural Tube Defects, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsnrfol. htm. Retrieved 8/31/11.
  • Ford N, et al. 2014. Safety of co-trimoxazole in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr; 66(5): 512-521.
  • Hansen C, et al. 2016. Trimethoprim-sulfonamide use during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of congenital anomalies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 25(2):170-8.
  • Hernandez S, et al. 2000. Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 343:1608-1614.
  • Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2001. Neural tube defects in relation to use of folic acid antagonists during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 153:961-968.
  • Klarskov P et al. 2013. Short-acting sulfonamides near term and neonatal jaundice. Obstet Gynecol 122:105-110.
  • Molgaard-Nielsen D, Hviid A. 2012. Maternal use of antibiotics and the risk of orofacial clefts: a nationwide cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 21:246-253.
  • Murdia A, et al. 1978. Sulpha-trimethoprim combinations and male fertility. Lancet 2:375-376.
  • Muanda FT et al. 2018. Use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion: a nested case control study. BJCP 84(6):1198-1205.
  • Santos F et al. 2011. Exposure to anti-infective drugs during pregnancy and the risk of small-for-gestational-age newborns: a case-control study. BJOG 118:1374-1382.
  • Wen SW, et al. 2008. Maternal exposure to folic acid antagonists and placenta-mediated adverse pregnancy outcomes. CMAJ 179:1263-1268.
  • Yang J et al. 2011. Exposure to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole but not other FDA category C and D anti-infectives is associated with increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight. Int J Infect Dis 15:e336- 341.