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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Working as a Veterinarian or Veterinarian Technician

Selected References:

  • Ahlborg G et al. 1995. Reproductive effects of chemical exposures in health profession. J Occup Environ Med. 37: 957-961.  
  • Allweiler SI, et al. 2013. Inhalation anesthetics and the reproductive risks associated with occupational exposure among women working in veterinary anesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg. 40(3):285-289.  
  • Bartram DJ, et al. 2009. Psychological working conditions and work-related stressors among UK veterinary surgeons. Occup Med (Lond). 59(5):334-341.  
  • Byers CG. 2020. Biosecurity Measures in Clinical Practice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 50(6):1277-1287.  
  • Boivin JF. 1997. Risk of spontaneous abortion in women occupationally exposed to anesthetic gases: a meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med. 54: 541-548.  
  • California Veterinary Medical Board. 2012. Radiation Safety Relating to Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Technology in California. https://www.vmb.ca.gov/forms_pubs/radguide.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2025. 
  • Cohen WR et al. 2000. Environmental and Occupational Hazards. Cherry and Merkatz’s Complications of Pregnancy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 
  • Duke T. Partial intravenous anesthesia in cats and dogs. Can Vet J. 2013 Mar;54(3):276-282.  
  • Epp T, et al. 2012. Occupational health hazards in veterinary medicine: zoonoses and other biological hazards. Can Vet J. 53(2):144-150. 
  • Figà-Talamanca I. 2000. Reproductive problems among women health care workers: epidemiologic evidence and preventive strategies. Epidemiologic Reviews. 22:249-260. 
  • Fowler HN, et al. 2016. Survey of occupational hazards in Minnesota veterinary practices in 2012. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 248(2):207-218.  
  • Gilani S, et al. 2014. Is it safe for pregnant health-care professionals to handle cytotoxic drugs? A review of the literature and recommendations. Ecancermedicalscience. 8:418. 
  • MacDonald LA, et al. 2013. Clinical guidelines for occupational lifting in pregnancy: evidence summary and provisional recommendations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 209(2): 80-88. 
  • Meisner J, et al. 2018: Maternal veterinary occupation and adverse birth outcomes in Washington State, 1992-2014: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med. 75(5):359-368.  
  • Molter B, et. al. 2019. Current policies and support services for pregnant and parenting veterinary medical students and house officers at United States veterinary medical training institutions. J Vet Med Educ Summer 46(2):145-152. 
  • National Institute of Health. 2016. NIOSH list of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in healthcare settings, 2016. Publication Number 2016-161 (Supersedes 2014-138). 
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2023. Managing hazardous drug exposures: information for healthcare settings. By Hodson L, et al. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2023-130.https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHPUB2023130. Accessed 29 July 2025. 
  • Occupational Safety & Health Administration. 2000. Anesthetic Gases: Guidelines for Workplace Exposures. https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/anestheticgases/index.html. Accessed 29 July 2025. 
  • Pacheco K. 2007. New Insights into laboratory animal exposures and allergic responses. Cur Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 7(2):156-161. 
  • Polovich M. 2004. Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs. Online J Issues Nurs. 9(3):6.  
  • Potter J, et al. 2024. A few thoughts on workplace safety. Vet Anaesth Analg. 51(4):315-321. 
  • Rodrigues AC, et al. 2017. Risk Factors for Nasal Colonization by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in Healthy Humans in Professional Daily Contact with Companion Animals in Portugal. Microb Drug Resist. 24(4):434-446. 
  • Scheftel JM, et. al. 2017. Review of hazards to female reproductive health in veterinary practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 250(8):862-872.  
  • Schuhaber S, et al. 2002. A prospective-controlled study of pregnant veterinary staff exposed to inhaled anesthetics and x-rays. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, (15)4; 363-373.  
  • Shirangi, A, et al. 2008. Maternal Occupational Exposures and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion in Veterinary Practice. Occup Environ Med. 65(11): 719-725.  
  • Toppenberg K, et al. 1999. Safety of Radiographic Imaging During Pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 59(7):1813-1818. 
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control. 2023. Hazards to Veterinary Medicine and Animal Care Workers. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/veterinary/about/hazards.html. Accessed 29 July 2025.  
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control. 2024. Veterinary Safety and Health Hazard Prevention and Control. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/veterinary/prevention/index.html. Accessed 29 July 2025. 
  • Varughese S, Ahmed R. 2021. Environmental and Occupational Considerations of Anesthesia: A Narrative Review and Update. Anesth Analg. 133(4):826-835. 
  • Veterinary Infection Control Committee, National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. 2015. Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel. http://www.nasphv.org/Documents/VeterinaryStandardPrecautions.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2025. 
  • Wilkes MS, et al. 2019. One health-one education: Medical and veterinary inter-professional training. J Vet Med Educ 46(1):14-20. 

 

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