Selected References: Banihani SA, Khasawneh FH. 2018. Effect of lansoprazole on human sperm motility, sperm viability, seminal nitric oxide production, and seminal calcium chelation. Res Pharm Sci.13:460‐468. Dağlı U, Kalkan IH. 2017. Treatment of reflux disease during pregnancy and lactation. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2017 Dec;28(Suppl 1):S53-S56. Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2005. The safety of proton pump inhibitors in pregnancy: A multicenter prospective controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol …
The Baby Blog
About Our Baby Blog
Every person wants to know what’s best for their baby, especially when it comes to knowing how to minimize exposure risks. Our relatable stories are packed with practical information from our rotating staff of MotherToBaby expert bloggers. Whatever topic you’re looking for, our blogs will provide you a great foundation to learn more.
Tramadol
Selected References: Bloor M, et al. 2012. Tramadol in pregnancy and lactation. Int J Obstet Anesth 21:163-7. Bowie AC, et al. 2022. Prescribed opioid analgesics in early pregnancy and the risk of congenital anomalies: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ. 194(5):E152-E162. Ferrer E, et al. 2025. Tramadol during pregnancy: risk of adverse pregnancy outcome and major congenital anomalies. A comparative study in the EFEMERIS database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 34(4):e70143. …
Miconazole | Clotrimazole
Selected References: Butler DC, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol, 70(3):417 e1-10. Carter TC, et al. 2008. Antifungal drugs and the risk of selected birth defects. Am J Obstet Gyn, 198:191- 193. Czeizel AE, et al. 2004. Population-based case-control teratologic study of topical miconazole. Congenit Anom, 44:41-45. Daniel S, et al. 2018. Vaginal antimycotics and the risk for spontaneous abortions. Am J …
Metoclopramide
Selected References Allen RW. 2012. Metoclopramide--a safe anti-emetic? [letter] S Afr Med J; 77: 219, 1990. Anderka M, et al. 2012. Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. Birth Defects Res (Part A); 94:22-30. Andersen AN, Tabor A. 1982. Prl, TSH, GH and LH responses to metoclopramide and breastfeeding in normal and hyperprolactinaemic women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh); 100:177-83. Balikci A, Balibey H. 2012. [Postpartum …
Self-tanners, Tanning Pills, Tanning Booths
Selected References: American Academy of Dermatology. Indoor tanning. Available at https://www.aad.org/media/stats/prevention-and-care Bareford D, Cumberbatch M, Derrick Tovey L. 1984. Plasma discolouration due to sun-tanning aids. Vox Sanguinis, 46(3):180-182. Beaulieu RA, et al. 2013. Canthaxanthin retinopathy with visual loss: A case report and review. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med, Article ID 40901. European Commission. 2010. Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. Opinion on …
