Selected References: Baheiraei A, et al. 2001. Effects of progestogen-only contraceptives on breast-feeding and infant growth Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 74; 203–205. Borgatta L, et al. 2002. Pregnancies diagnosed during Depo- Provera use. Contraception. Sep;66(3):169-72. Callahan R et al. 2015. Ectopic pregnancy with use of progestin-only injectables and contraceptive implants: A systemic review. Contraception 92(6):514-522. Dahlberg K. 1982. Some effects …
The Baby Blog
About Our Baby Blog
Every person wants to know what’s best for their baby, especially when it comes to knowing how to minimize exposure risks. Our relatable stories are packed with practical information from our rotating staff of MotherToBaby expert bloggers. Whatever topic you’re looking for, our blogs will provide you a great foundation to learn more.
OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox®)
Selected References: Bodkin CL, et al. 2005. OnabotulinumtoxinA therapy during pregnancy. Mov Disord 20(8): 1081-1082. Briggs J, et al. 2005. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation, 7th Ed. 174-175. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia. Brin MF, et al. 2016. Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to onabotulinumtoxinA. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 25: 179–187. Brin, MF, et al 2023. Pregnancy outcomes in patients exposed to onabotulinumtoxinA treatment. Neurology. …
Metoprolol
Selected References: Alembic Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2017. Metoprolol tartrate product labeling. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=24837d82-0f3f-4482-9af0-31e5f675c30f. Accessed 27 Jan 2026. Bateman BT, et al. 2016. Late pregnancy β blocker exposure and risks of neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia. Pediatrics; 138(3). pii:e20160731. Battarbee AN, et al. 2020. Chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 222(6):532-541. Davis RL, et al. 2011. …
Propranolol
Selected References: Bateman BT, et al. 2016. Late pregnancy β blocker exposure and risks of neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia. Pediatrics 138(3) pii:e20160731. Bauer et al. 1979. Propranolol in human plasma and breast milk. Am J Cardiol 43(4):860-862. Bratton S, et al. 2024. Does atenolol use during pregnancy cause small for gestational age neonates? A meta-analysis. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 52.8: 858-862. Davis RL, et al. 2011. Risks of congenital malformations and …
Lead
Selected References: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2023. Lead screening during pregnancy and lactation. Committee Opinion Number 533. Obstet Gynecol, 120(2, part 1):416-419 Appleton AA, et al. 2021. Prenatal lead and depression exposures jointly influence birth outcomes and …
