Selected References: Broussard CS, et al. 2011. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(4):314.e1–e11. Edwards JE, et al. 2003. Hydromorphone transfer into breast milk after intranasal administration. Pharmacotherapy, 23(2):153-158. Fishman B, et al. 2019. Pregnancy outcome following opioid exposure: a cohort study. PLoS One, 14(7):e0219061. Larson JJ, et al. 2019. Cognitive and …
The Baby Blog
About Our Baby Blog
Every person wants to know what’s best for their baby, especially when it comes to knowing how to minimize exposure risks. Our relatable stories are packed with practical information from our rotating staff of MotherToBaby expert bloggers. Whatever topic you’re looking for, our blogs will provide you a great foundation to learn more.
Seasonal Influenza (The Flu)
Selected References: Abdullahi H, et al. 2021. Seasonal influenza during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 258:235-239. Anselem O et al. 2019. Improving care for pregnant women with suspected influenza: A retrospective study before and after introduction of a rapid molecular assay. PLoS One. Jun 14;14(6):e0217651 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. About influenza. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/index.html [Accessed 7/2025] Centers for Disease Control …
Etanercept (Enbrel®)
Selected References: Bazzani C, et al. 2015. Prospectively-followed pregnancies in patients with inflammatory arthritis taking biological drugs: an Italian multicentre study. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 33(5):688-693. Beltagy A, et al. 2021. Biologics During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Among Women With Rheumatic Diseases: Safety Clinical Evidence on the Road. Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 12 621247. Berthelsen BG, et al. 2010. Etanercept concentrations in maternal serum, umbilical cord …
Ofatumumab (Kesimpta®, Arzerra®)
Selected References: Anderson PO. 2021. Monoclonal antibodies during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Med.16(8):591-593. Bellot M, et al. 2022. Effect of ofatumumab on pregnancy, parturition, and lactation in cynomolgus monkeys. Reprod Toxicol. 108:28-34. Ciplea A, et al. 2023. Ofatumumab in breast milk of multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler J. ;29 (3_Suppl):132-3. Dobson R, et al. 2023. Anti-CD20 therapies in pregnancy and breast feeding: a review and ABN guidelines. Pract …
Oxymetazoline
Selected References: Arendt KW, et al. 2011. Topical vasoconstrictor use for nasal intubation during pregnancy complicated by cardiomyopathy and preeclampsia. Int J Obstet Anesth. 20(3):246-9. Aselton P, et al. 1985. First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. Obstet Gynecol 65:451-455, 1985. Baxi LV, et al. 1985. Fetal heart rate changes following maternal administration of a nasal decongestant. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 153:799-800. Jick H, et al. 1981. First-trimester drug use …
