Selected References: Anderson PO, et al. 2007. Hydrocodone excretion into breast milk: the first two reported cases. Breastfeeding Medicine, 2(1):10-14. Azuine RE, et al, 2019. Prenatal risk factors and perinatal and postnatal outcomes associated with maternal opioid exposure in an urban, low-income, multiethnic US population. JAMA Network Open, 2(6); e196405-196405. Broussard CS, et al, 2011. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth …
The Baby Blog
About Our Baby Blog
Every person wants to know what’s best for their baby, especially when it comes to knowing how to minimize exposure risks. Our relatable stories are packed with practical information from our rotating staff of MotherToBaby expert bloggers. Whatever topic you’re looking for, our blogs will provide you a great foundation to learn more.
Miconazole
Selected References: Bender EA, et al. 2021. Treatment methods for vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy. J Mycol Med. 31(3):101138. Butler DC, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 70(3):417 e1-10. Carter TC, et al. 2008. Antifungal drugs and the risk of selected birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 198:191-193. Czeizel AE, et al. 2004. Population-based case-control teratologic study of topical …
Vibrio
Selected References: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Vibrio Infection. [Accessed January 2026]. Available at URL: https://www.cdc.gov/vibrio/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html Ciccarelli S, et al. 2013. Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis. Infect Drug Resist 6:133-61. Ciglenecki I, et al. 2013. Cholera in pregnancy: Outcomes from a specialized cholera treatment unit for pregnant women in Léogâne, Hati. PLoS Negl Trop Dis …
Zika Virus
Selected References: Ades AE, et al. 2021. Vertical transmission of Zika virus and its outcomes: a Bayesian synthesis of prospective studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 21(4):537-545. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30432-1. Acosta Pérez E, et al. 2025. Adverse fetal and perinatal outcomes associated with Zika virus infection during pregnancy: an individual participant data meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, Volume 83, 103231 Alger J, et al. 2024. Neurodevelopmental assessment of normocephalic …
Fexofenadine
Selected References: Andersson NW et al. Association between fexofenadine use during pregnancy and fetal outcomes. JAMA Pediatr Aug 1;174(8):e201316. Erratum in: JAMA Pediatr 2020 Sep 1;174(9):913. Craig-McFeely PM, et al. 2001. Evaluation of the safety of fexofenadine from experience gained in general practice use in England in 1997. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 57(4):313-320. Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2003. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to loratadine or antihistamines: a …
